Darrell Y. Hamamoto: Empire of Death and
the Plague of Civic Violence
In this article, Hamamoto compares the culture of murders to the America’s increasing culture of domestic violence. He argues that domestic violence has increased in American society due to the legitimization of a militarized American culture. This militarized American culture takes its origins from the Viet Nam war. According to Hamamoto, most murderers’ profile is usually white Caucasian male and is a war veteran or has relations to someone who is a veteran. Following this logic, it is argued that the United State’s investment in the war in Viet Nam (before, during, and after its involvement) and Southeast Asian has installed in war veterans and their children hatred for the “yellow” people. This is depicted through an example given in the article: Purdy was the son of a soldier who was in combat in Viet Nam—who had a hatred for Asians that were tied to the war in Viet Nam. As a result of the enmity, Purdy killed five Southeast Asian students at his former elementary school (Cleveland Elementary).
Due to the
tremendous amount of US troops in Viet Nam, the killing of Asian American has
been somewhat made to seem less atrocious than they really are. This taps into
the psychological aspect of this issue; because former soldiers were used to
killing Vietnamese (and other individuals of Asian descent) during their
involvement, the current violence committed to individuals of the same descent
has less of an impact—because it could be said that they have already seen it
happen many times before. Therefore, domestic violence is related with the
hyper-militarist American culture which has desensitized individuals to acts of
violence.
Sucheng Chan: The American Involvement
Sucheng Chan
exposes the “true” story of the United States involvement in the Viet Nam war
in this article. Most Americans are given the impression that the United
States’ involvement of the war only started while the Viet Nam war was already
in full swing (around 1965), but the involvement actually started during the
French’s colonization of Viet Nam. The US was not physically involved, but
rather funded 78% of the French’s war cost. Following this, America supported a
regime under a man name Ngo Dinh Diem, but later came to question their support
for his regime as he became more violent—especially towards individuals who
were opposed to his rule. Eventually Diem was murdered by a military coup (whom
the US supported); Diem’s murder brought about a cycle of short lived
governments in south Viet Nam. The final government came under the lead of
Nguyen Van Thieu and lasted until the fall of Saigon in 197.
As the Viet Nam
war took off, there were various actions committed by Americans that seemed
somewhat dishonest and one could say ominous. One would be the Gulf of Tokin
attack where the US claimed that it was attacked by North Vietnamese boats
while in water. However, this claim was later declared to be untrue as there
were no North Vietnamese boats in sight of American ships that night. Despite
this fact, this false claim gave the US passage into the war—it gave the
American government a reason to justify its involvement to the American people.
As the war progressed, the United States began to conduct negotiations with the
north Vietnamese, on behalf of the South Vietnamese (and behind the backs of
the south Vietnamese). These negotiations came to be called secret talks in
Paris and occurred during the Nixon administration. These talks resembled the
fear of the United States -- fear of the possibility of losing a war; by trying
to reach an agreement, the US was looking for a way out of the war that would
save its reputation as a country and military might.
As the north
Vietnamese closed in on Saigon, American evacuation took place—where Americans
and anyone in danger due to a north Vietnamese victory was evacuated. Although
protocols only called for these evacuees, many inhabitants of Viet Nam tried to
escape with the Americans as well as after the war (“boat people”).
William Shawcross: The Doctrine and The
Strategy
In this article,
Shawcross discusses US involvement in Cambodia during the Viet Nam war. Despite
telling the American public that the US would not be involve and that minimal
aid would be given to Cambodia so that it would be able to defend itself, the
US was actually controlling military actions there. Under Henry Kissinger, an
army was being built under the leadership of Lon Nol. This militarization and
increased US involvement in Cambodia has to do with President Nixon’s
determination to keep an anti-government alive in Phnom Penh. There were
conflicting opinions on what should be done in Cambodia between US
representatives (Rives versus Haig). As Nixon continues to keep the US in
Cambodia in the forms of secret military aids: “supply of automatic rifles and
several thousand Khmer Krom troops from South Vietnam.” (162). “Operations” in
Cambodia was made possible by the Nixon-Kissinger years where the State
Department was mostly excluded from policymaking—in terms of Cambodia. All this
eventually resulted in the Congress’ decision to restrict Nixon’s power (the
first time in the history of war). Despite doing so, US involvement in Cambodia
continued with the recruiting of foreign troops to fight in place of American
armies and arming the armies under the Nixon Doctrine. Casualties were high
each year as the war continued to spread on—larger than what was expected by
many in the United States.
Jonathan Neale: Protesters
This article
exposes the anti-war sentiment and actions taken in the United States during
the Viet Nam War. Neale focuses his attention mainly towards the strikes
conducted by college students, but does not fail to mention the large-scale
strikes that happened in Washington. According to Neale, many liberals started
calling for withdrawal out of Viet Nam during Johnson’s administration and
continued throughout Nixon’s administration as well. These strikes were
peaceful in nature (as Martin Luther King was an inspiring figure before his
death), but needless to say they often took a violent turn—most of the time,
the violence started by the defenders rather than the protesters. The protests
that occurred during this time period was different from many before its
time—the difference laid in the amount of people who showed up to support
anti-war sentiment and demands. Some of the protests that happened included the
largest number of supporters up to that time.
In hindsight,
the main goal of protesters was to withdraw from Viet Nam. There were various
reasons for this demand. Many did not see the Vietnamese as the enemy, but
rather the only noble people (according to Neale); others did not approve the
scale of violence that was being conducted in Viet Nam; and many more just did
not believe that the US had any reason to be involved in a foreign civil war.
Regardless of their reasons, protesters were able to limit the killings and
pressured the government to pull out of the war.
Discussion Questions:
1) What is your opinion
on the current violence committed in American society? Do you believe it is
connected to American involvement in wars of the past? What is the impact of
this on society?
2) Based on Sucheng Chan’s “The American
Involvement,” and your current knowledge, what do you think was the reason for
the United State’s involvement in Viet Nam? Do you agree with Chan. Why or why
not?
3) Do you believe in the effectiveness of
protests to yield results? Apply this to the Viet Nam War and our current war
in Iraq. What are the similarities and differences?
4) How does the US's policies and military involvement in Cambodia reflect that of their involvement in Viet Nam?
5) To what extent do you believe the anti-war protests played a role in the US's decision to withdraw from Viet Nam?
